The galactic infrared/submillimeter dust radiation     

P. Cox  P. G. Mezger 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》1989,1(1):49-83

Summary The unprecedented quality of the IRAS data prompted a series of papers reinvestigating the origin of the galactic infrared/submillimeter radiation and the nature of the heating sources of the interstellar dust. The scope of this paper is to review the main results of these new studies. Sect. 1 contains a general introduction to the subject and an overview of the earlier work. In Sect. 2 and 3, we summarize our current knowledge on dust properties and on the interstellar radiation field. Then, we present the recent interpretations of the infrared emission of our Galaxy, which are based on the IRAS data: in Sect. 4 we present the results from the galactic disk; Sect. 5 covers the question of the contribution from small dust particles, and in Sect. 6 we describe the infrared radiation from the galactic center. The nature of the heating sources and the origin of the galactic infrared radiation is then discussed in Sect. 7. Finally, Sect. 8 presents a comparison of our Galaxy with external galaxies  相似文献   

Dehydration experiments on natural omphacites: qualitative and quantitative characterization by various spectroscopic methods   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Koch-Müller  I. Abs-Wurmbach  D. Rhede  V. Kahlenberg  S. Matsyuk 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(9):663-678

A series of natural omphacites from a wide range of P, T occurrences were investigated by electron microprobe (EMP), infrared (IR)-, Mössbauer (MS)- and optical spectroscopy in the UV/VIS spectral range (UV/VIS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and single crystal structure refinement by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the influence of hydrogen loss on valence state and site occupancies of iron. In accordance with literature data we found Fe²⁺ at M1 as well as at M2, and in a first approach assigned Fe³⁺ to M1, as indicated by MS and XRD results. Hydrogen content of three of our omphacite samples were measured by SIMS. In combination with IR spectroscopy we determined an absorption coefficient: ε _i,tot = 65,000 ± 3,000 lmol_H2O ^?1 cm^?2. Using this new ε _i,tot value, we obtained water concentrations ranging from 60 to 700 ppm H₂O (by weight). Hydrogen loss was simulated by stepwise heating the most water rich samples in air up to 800°C. After heat treatment the samples were analyzed again by IR, MS, UV/VIS, and XRD. Depending on the type of the OH defect, the grade of dehydration with increasing temperature is significantly different. In samples relatively poor in Fe³⁺ (<0.1 Fe³⁺ pfu), hydrogen associated with vacancies at M2 (OH bands around 3,450 cm^?1) starts to leave the structure at about 550°C and is completely gone at 780°C. Hydrogen associated with Al³⁺ at the tetrahedral site (OH bands around 3,525 cm^?1, Koch-Müller et al., Am Mineral, 89:921–931, 2004) remains completely unaffected by heat treatment up to 700°C. But all hydrogen vanished at about 775°C. However, this is different for a more Fe³⁺-rich sample (0.2 Fe³⁺ pfu). Its IR spectrum is characterized by a very intense OH band at 3,515 cm^?1 plus shoulder at 3,450 cm^?1. We assign this intense high-energy band to vibrations of an OH dipole associated with Fe³⁺ at M1 and a vacancy either at M1 or M2. OH release during heating is positively correlated with decrease in Fe²⁺ and combined with increase in Fe³⁺. That dehydration is correlated with oxidation of Fe²⁺ is indirectly confirmed by annealing of one sample in a gas mixing furnace at 700°C under reducing conditions keeping almost constant OH^? content and giving no indication of Fe²⁺-oxidation. Obtained data indicate that in samples with a relatively high concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 and low-water concentrations, i.e., at a ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H > 10 dehydration occurs by iron oxidation of Fe²⁺ exclusively at the M2 site following the reaction: \( {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{2 + [ M2]}}}}{\text{OH}}^{ - } } \right]} = {\left[ {{\text{Fe}}^{{{\text{3 + [ M2]}}}} {\text{O}}^{{{\text{2}} - }} } \right]} + {\text{1/2}}\;{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} \uparrow . \) In samples having relatively low concentration of Fe²⁺ at M2 but high-water concentrations, i.e., ratio of Fe^{2+ M2}/H < 5.0 dehydration occurs through oxidation of Fe²⁺ at M1.  相似文献   

Interpretation of surface wave spectra in laterally inhomogeneous media     

Peter Malischewsky 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,99(2):305-306

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Grain-size spectra maps of beaches in W. Peloponnese, Greece     

N. Kontopoulos 《Mathematical Geology》1984,16(2):207-211

Grain-size spectra maps of sands from beaches of the western Peloponnese are related to statistical parameters and can be used to infer characteristics of the sedimentation process involved which were unresolved by previous statistical analysis. On the basis of similarities in spectral patterns, the studied beaches fall into four groups: A, B, C, and D. The periodicity observed on the sinuous pattern of the spectra map of groups A and B is interpreted as indicating edge-wave activity. Regarding group D, the gradual W—E increase of particle size along the coast suggests a W—E increase of wave energy, which is also reflected by the inclined trend of the spectra map. Lack of periodicity on the contour pattern of group C probably reflects intensive sample-to-sample sorting variation.  相似文献   

Breakdown of hydrous ringwoodite to pyroxene and spinelloid at high P and T and oxidizing conditions     

M. Koch-Müller  D. Rhede  R. Schulz  R. Wirth 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(6):329-341

To get deeper insight into the phase relations in the end-member system Fe₂SiO₄ and in the system (Fe, Mg)₂SiO₄ experiments were performed in a multi-anvil apparatus at 7 and 13 GPa and 1,000–1,200°C as a function of oxygen fugacity. The oxygen fugacity was varied using the solid oxygen buffer systems Fe/FeO, quartz–fayalite–magnetite, MtW and Ni/NiO. The run products were characterized by electron microprobe, Raman- and FTIR-spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. At fO₂ corresponding to Ni/NiO Fe-ringwoodite transforms to ferrosilite and spinelloid according to the reaction: 9 Fe₂SiO₄ + O₂ = 6 FeSiO₃ + 5 Fe_2.40Si_0.60O₄. Refinement of site occupancies in combination with stoichiometric Fe³⁺ calculations show that 32% of the total Fe is incorporated as Fe³⁺ according to From the Rietveld refinement we identified spl as spinelloid III (isostructural with wadsleyite) and/or spinelloid V. As we used water in excess in the experiments the run products were also analyzed for structural water incorporation. Adding Mg to the system increases the stability field of ringwoodite to higher oxygen fugacity and the spinel structure seems to accept higher Fe³⁺ but also water concentrations that may be linked. At oxygen fugacity corresponding to MtW conditions similar phase relations in respect to the breakdown reaction in the Fe-end-member system were observed but with a strong fractionation of Fe into spl and Mg into coexisting cpx. Thus, through this strong fractionation it is possible to stabilize very Fe-rich wadsleyite with considerable Fe³⁺ concentrations even at an intermediate Fe–Mg bulk composition: assuming constant K _D independent on composition and a bulk composition of x _Fe = 0.44 this fractionation would stabilize spl with x _Fe = 0.72. Thus, spl could be a potential Fe³⁺ bearing phase at P–T conditions of the transition zone but because of the oxidizing conditions and the Fe-rich bulk composition needed one would expect it more in subduction zone environments than in the transition zone in senso stricto.

M. Koch-MüllerEmail:

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Radiolysis of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid monohydrate, and sulfuric acid tetrahydrate and its relevance to Europa     

M.J. Loeffler  R.L. Hudson  R.W. Carlson 《Icarus》2011,215(1):370-380

We report laboratory studies on the 0.8 MeV proton irradiation of ices composed of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), sulfuric acid monohydrate (H₂SO₄·H₂O), and sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (H₂SO₄·4H₂O) between 10 and 180 K. Using infrared spectroscopy, we identify the main radiation products as H₂O, SO₂, (S₂O₃)_x, H₃O⁺, , and . At high radiation doses, we find that H₂SO₄ molecules are destroyed completely and that H₂SO₄·H₂O is formed on subsequent warming. This hydrate is significantly more stable to radiolytic destruction than pure H₂SO₄, falling to an equilibrium relative abundance of 50% of its original value on prolonged irradiation. Unlike either pure H₂SO₄ or H₂SO₄·H₂O, the loss of H₂SO₄·4H₂O exhibits a strong temperature dependence, as the tetrahydrate is essentially unchanged at the highest irradiation temperatures and completely destroyed at the lowest ones, which we speculate is due to a combination of radiolytic destruction and amorphization. Furthermore, at the lower temperatures it is clear that irradiation causes the tetrahydrate spectrum to transition to one that closely resembles the monohydrate spectrum. Extrapolating our results to Europa’s surface, we speculate that the variations in SO₂ concentrations observed in the chaotic terrains are a result of radiation processing of lower hydration states of sulfuric acid and that the monohydrate will remain stable on the surface over geological times, while the tetrahydrate will remain stable in the warmer regions but be destroyed in the colder regions, unless it can be reformed by other processes, such as thermal reactions induced by diurnal cycling.  相似文献   

Formation of radical species in photolyzed CH₄:N₂ ices     

Robert Hodyss  Heather R. Howard  Jay D. Goguen 《Icarus》2011,214(2):748-753

We report photochemical studies of thin cryogenic ice films composed of N₂, CH₄ and CO in ratios analogous to those on the surfaces of Neptune’s largest satellite, Triton, and on Pluto. Experiments were performed using a hydrogen discharge lamp, which provides an intense source of ultraviolet light to simulate the sunlight-induced photochemistry on these icy bodies. Characterization via infrared spectroscopy showed that C₂H₆ and C₂H₂, and HCO are formed by the dissociation of CH₄ into H, CH₂ and CH₃ and the subsequent reaction of these radicals within the ice. Other radical species, such as C₂, , CN, and CNN, are observed in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. These species imply a rich chemistry based on formation of radicals from methane and their subsequent reaction with the N₂ matrix. We discuss the implications of the formation of these radicals for the chemical evolution of Triton and Pluto. Ultimately, this work suggests that , CN, HCO, and CNN may be found in significant quantities on the surfaces of Triton and Pluto and that new observations of these objects in the appropriate wavelength regions are warranted.  相似文献   

Turbulent Intensities and Velocity Spectra for Bare and Forested Gentle Hills: Flume Experiments   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Davide Poggi  Gabriel G. Katul 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(1):25-46

To investigate how velocity variances and spectra are modified by the simultaneous action of topography and canopy, two flume experiments were carried out on a train of gentle cosine hills differing in surface cover. The first experiment was conducted above a bare surface while the second experiment was conducted within and above a densely arrayed rod canopy. The velocity variances and spectra from these two experiments were compared in the middle, inner, and near-surface layers. In the middle layer, and for the canopy surface, longitudinal and vertical velocity variances () were in phase with the hill-induced spatial mean velocity perturbation (Δu) around the so-called background state (taken here as the longitudinal mean at a given height) as predicted by rapid distortion theory (RDT). However, for the bare surface case, and remained out of phase with Δu by about L/2, where L is the hill half-length. In the canopy layer, wake production was a significant source of turbulent energy for , and its action was to re-align velocity variances with Δu in those layers, a mechanism completely absent for the bare surface case. Such a lower ‘boundary condition’ resulted in longitudinal variations of to be nearly in phase with Δu above the canopy surface. In the inner and middle layers, the spectral distortions by the hill remained significant for the background state of the bare surface case but not for the canopy surface case. In particular, in the inner and middle layers of the bare surface case, the effective exponents derived from the locally measured power spectra diverged from their expected  − 5/3 value for inertial subrange scales. These departures spatially correlated with the hill surface. However, for the canopy surface case, the spectral exponents were near  − 5/3 above the canopy though the minor differences from  − 5/3 were also correlated with the hill surface. Inside the canopy, wake production and energy short-circuiting resulted in significant departures from  − 5/3. These departures from  − 5/3 also appeared correlated with the hill surface through the wake production contribution and its alignment with Δu. Moreover, scales commensurate with Von Karman street vorticies well described wake production scales inside the canopy, confirming the important role of the mean flow in producing wakes. The spectra inside the canopy on the lee side of the hill, where a negative mean flow delineated a recirculation zone, suggested that the wake production scales there were ‘broader’ when compared to their counterpart outside the recirculation zone. Inside the recirculation zone, there was significantly more energy at higher frequencies when compared to regions outside the recirculation zone.  相似文献   

La3+ 离子掺杂钨酸铅单晶的微结构缺陷     

黄彦林  赵韧  赵连泽  朱文亮 《矿物学报》2006,26(1):84-88

钨酸铅晶体是一种非化学计量化合物,缺陷丰富,蕴含着利用掺杂产生新效应和开发新功能的广泛可能性。探讨了不同浓度La3 掺杂对于钨酸铅晶体发光性能的影响,如热释光、X射线激发发光、光致发光等。La3 掺杂有效地抑制了陷阱中心,使发光受到强烈的抑制,在高浓度掺杂的钨酸铅中,激发机制有所改变,通过XPS测试的结果分析了不同浓度La3 掺杂机制。低浓度掺杂中,La3 取代Pb2 ,形成缺陷复合体[2(La3Pb ).-(VPb)″];高浓度掺杂晶体中,La3 离子不但占据Pb2 位置,而且也会占据W6 位置(La3W ),产生La3 的自补偿机制,形成La3 的自补偿对[(La3W )-(La3Pb ).]-(VO)..或缺陷聚集体[3(LaP3b ).-(La3W )]。  相似文献   

广西岛坪磷氯铅矿的谱学特征     

马红艳  崔大安  秦作路  何植  木士春 《矿物学报》2006,26(2):165-168

磷氯铅矿(Pyromorphite)在我国比较罕见,2001年在广西岛坪发现的磷氯铅矿结晶较好,运用XRD、XRFI、R和UV/Vis等分析方法对黄色和绿色样品进行了研究。结果表明,二者XRD谱只是峰强有所不同。在它们的红外吸收谱带中,除了标准的PO43-吸收峰外,在670~800 cm-1之间和430 cm-1左右出现的两组肩峰为SiO44-振动峰。黄色样品的振动频率偏高、半峰宽偏窄、透射率与绿色样品相比较高。通过XRF分析发现黄色晶体比绿色晶体含有更多的Fe3 ,而Fe3 常使矿物呈现黄色,同时证实了黄色磷氯铅矿的红外吸收峰频率偏高是因为它的铅含量低于绿色矿。UV/Vis进一步说明在可见光区的吸收不同是使二者颜色差异的主要原因,Fe离子含量较大使磷氯铅矿呈现黄色。  相似文献